PROGRAM NOTES
by Christopher Rouse

Two paths led to the composition of Karolju. The first was the great body of Christmas carols written over the centuries, a collection I value as highly for its spiritual meaning as for its glorious music. The second was Carl Orff’s Carmina Burana, which made an unforgettable impression upon me when I first heard it in March of 1963.

In the early 1980s, I conceived of a plan to compose a collection of Christmas carols couched in an overall form similar to that of Carmina Burana, but it was not until 1989, when the work was commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, that I was able to begin serious work on it, though I had composed several of the carols in my mind over the preceding years.

As I wished to compose the music first, the problem of texts presented itself. Finding appropriate existing texts to fit already composed music would have been virtually impossible, and as I did not trust my own ability to devise a poetically satisfying text, I decided to compose my own texts in a variety of languages (Latin, Swedish, French, Spanish, Russian, Czech, German, and Italian) which, although making reference to words and phrases appropriate to the Christmas season, would not be intelligibly translatable as complete entities. It was rather my intent to match the sound of the language to the musical style of the carol to which it was applied. I resultantly selected words often more for the quality of their sound and the extent to which such sound typified the language of their origin than for their cognitive “meaning” per se.

I also elected to compose music which was direct and simple in its tonal orientation, music which would not seem out of place in a medley of traditional Christmas carols. Those who know other of my works may be surprised -- some even distressed -- by Karolju. While I can assert with assurance that this score does not represent a wholesale “change of direction” for me and thus constitutes an isolated example among my compositions, Karolju is nevertheless a piece which I “mean” with the most profound sincerity, one which I hope will help instill in listeners the same special joy which I feel for the season it celebrates. It has been my decision to eschew complexity or oversubtlety of utterance, preferring instead to compose music as straightforward in terms of melody, harmony, rhythm, and orchestration. Except for a paraphrase of the coda to the “O Fortuna” movements of Carmina Burana (which I have used in Nos. 1 and 10 of Karolju and which constitutes a small homage to Orff) and for a fourmeasure phrase in No. 3 which I borrowed from The Nutcracker -- a phrase which Tchaikovsky himself had cribbed from an eighteenthcentury minuet -- all of the music in Karolju is by me. In an attempt to provide a degree of unity for the work, certain melodic patterns and chord progressions have been employed in a number of the carols.

Karolju was completed in Fairport, New York on November 13, 1990 and is dedicated to my daughter Alexandra, who was to celebrate her first Christmas that year. It was commissioned with the generous assistance of the Barlow Foundation for Music Composition at Brigham Young University, and I am also most grateful to the Guggenheim Foundation for providing me with a Fellowship which allowed me time to compose the work unencumbered by other duties. With a duration of approximately twenty-six minutes, it is scored for large SATB chorus and an orchestra consisting of 2 flutes (2nd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion (4 players), harp, and strings.

© 1990 by Christopher Rouse
Reprinted by kind permission of Christopher Rouse

KAROLJU LYRICS

1. Ob vix abdurant
My faith and my strength are renewed this Christmas Day,
Sent from on high by God above, who gives to mankind His only begotten son
As a sign of His holy love.
Praise Him! Praise the Lord, my people;
Praise Him to the skies!
It is through His grace and His sacred gift
That our salvation lies.
Lord God! Lord, we give thanks
For we shall be redeemed
By this child born of Mary
Of whom Elijah dreamed!

2. Än Kännas i på
High up in a tree, the Christmas bird sings,
Calling far and wide the Christmas morn,
Trumpeting his song, he spreads his wings,
Proclaims the tidings—“Christ is born!”
He spreads his wings
And sings his song,
Proclaims the tidings
All day long.
When the sun sets
And the deep night falls
The Christmas bird still calls,
And he calls, and he calls—
“Kikiyu!”

4. Siempre los mascara
Shepherds watched o’er their sheep
In their dark night of the soul.
When suddenly, a dazzling light appeared
The shepherds their fear could not control.
But an angel spoke from the radiance,
Saying, “Shepherds, get thee away
To Bethlehem, where thou shalt see
The King of Kings this day.”

5. Procession of the Three Kings
(orchestra alone)

6. Ob vix abdurant (reprise)

10. Ob vix abdurant (reprise)

11. Spera dolci
Sweet hope, Redeemer, Savior,
These shalt Thou be when Thy day does come.
Rest for now, little baby Jesus,
Safe in your mother’s arms,
Protected from all harm,
Angels will keep you warm.
This day is done.

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